Zipangizo zomangira ndizomwe zimafunikira pakumanga, zomwe zimadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a nyumbayo, mawonekedwe ake, ndi zotsatira zake. Zomangira zachikale zimaphatikizapo miyala, matabwa, njerwa zadongo, laimu, ndi gypsum, pamene zomangira zamakono zimakhala ndi zitsulo, simenti, konkire, magalasi, ndi mapulasitiki. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi mawonekedwe ake ndipo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakumanga.
Zida zomangira zachikhalidwe
1. Mwala
Mwala ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zakale kwambiri zomangira zakale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbiri ya anthu. Imakhala ndi nkhokwe zambiri, kugawidwa kofalikira, kapangidwe kabwino, mphamvu yopondereza kwambiri, kukana madzi abwino, kulimba, komanso kukana kuvala bwino. Western Europe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi miyala yomanga, yokhala ndi zitsanzo zodziwika bwino kuphatikiza Nyumba yachifumu ya Versailles ku France ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Britain. Kuwonjezera apo, mapiramidi a ku Aigupto anamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito miyala ikuluikulu yodulidwa ndendende. Zomangamanga za miyala zimakhala ndi aura ya ukulu, ulemu, ndi ulemu. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchulukira kwake komanso kulemera kwake, zomanga zamwala zimakhala ndi makoma okhuthala, zomwe zimachepetsa chiŵerengero cha pansi pa nyumbayo. Komabe, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro chapamwamba muzomangamanga zapamwamba, ndikupanga luso lapadera.
2. Wood
Wood, monga zomangira zachikhalidwe, imakhala ndi mawonekedwe monga opepuka, mphamvu yayikulu, kukongola kokongola, kugwira ntchito bwino, kusinthikanso, kubwezeretsedwanso, komanso kukhala wokonda zachilengedwe popanda kuipitsa. Chifukwa chake, nyumba zomangidwa ndi matabwa zimawonetsa kukhazikika bwino komanso kukana kwa seismic. Komabe, matabwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga amakhalanso ndi zovuta zake. Amakonda kupindika, kung'ambika, kukula kwa nkhungu, komanso kugwidwa ndi tizilombo. Komanso, imatha kupsa ndi moto, zomwe zingakhudze ubwino wake ndi kulimba kwake.
Wood yakhala chinthu chomangira chosatha chifukwa cha makina ake apamwamba kwambiri ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga kuyambira kalekale. Nyumba zina monga madera a Nanchan Temple ndi Foguang Temple pa Phiri la Wutai ku China zimakhala ngati oimira omanga. Zomangamangazi zimakhala zotsetsereka, zosasinthika, zokhotakhota zazikulu, mabatani owoneka bwino, komanso mawonekedwe osavuta komanso osavuta.
M'mapulojekiti amakono a zomangamanga, zinthu monga matabwa, mizati, zothandizira, zitseko, mawindo, ngakhale nkhungu za konkire zimadalira matabwa. Monga nyumba yopangira mpweya, nkhuni zimapereka kutentha m'nyengo yozizira komanso kuzizira m'chilimwe, motero zimapanga malo abwino kwambiri okhalamo anthu.
Nanchan Temple, China
3. Njerwa zadongo
Njerwa zadongo ndi mtundu wa zinthu zomangira zopangidwa ndi anthu. Kwa nthawi yayitali, njerwa zadongo wamba zakhala zida zazikulu zomangira nyumba ku China. Njerwa zadongo zimadziwika ndi kukula kwake kochepa, kulemera kwake, kumasuka kwa zomangamanga, mawonekedwe adongosolo komanso okhazikika, mphamvu zonyamula katundu, kutsekemera ndi kukonzanso, komanso kukongoletsa kwa facade. Kuwagwiritsa ntchito pomanga kwathandiza kwambiri popanga malo okhala anthu. The Forbidden City ndi mawonekedwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njerwa zadongo. Njerwa zadongo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga kunja zimathandizira kuti mzinda wa Forbidden City ukhale wochititsa chidwi. Komabe, zinthu zopangira njerwa zadongo ndi dongo lachilengedwe, ndipo kupanga kwake kumaphatikizapo kupereka malo olimapo. Pang'onopang'ono, asinthidwa ndi zipangizo zina. Komabe, malo awo m’mbiri ya kamangidwe ka anthu sadzafafanizidwa.
4. Laimu
Laimu, monga zida zomangira zachikhalidwe, amadziwika chifukwa cha pulasitiki yake yolimba, kuuma pang'onopang'ono, kutsika pang'ono pambuyo poumitsa, komanso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa voliyumu pakuumitsa. Zaka masauzande ambiri za mbiri yake zimachitira umboni za chidaliro cha anthu ndi kudalira zinthu zimenezi. Laimu akadali chinthu chofunika kwambiri chomangira, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomanga ndi mafakitale, monga kupaka mkati, kusakaniza matope a laimu ndi grout, ndikukonzekera njerwa zadobe ndi dothi.
Momwemonso, gypsum, nyumba ina yakale yomangira, imakhala ndi zida zambiri zopangira, njira yosavuta yopangira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, kuyamwa kwachinyontho, kukwanitsa, komanso kusamala zachilengedwe. Ndikoyenera makamaka pamagawo amakono amkati amkati, zokongoletsera, ndi ntchito zomaliza. Kuphatikiza apo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga gypsum plaster ndi zinthu za gypsum.
Zomangira zamakono
5. Chitsulo
Chitsulo chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamamangidwe amakono ngati zomangira. Chitsulo chili ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri monga yopepuka koma yolimba kwambiri, pulasitiki yabwino komanso kulimba, chitetezo ndi kudalirika, kuchuluka kwa mafakitale, kuthamanga kwachangu, kugwetsa kosavuta, kusindikiza kwabwino, komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri. Makhalidwe apamwambawa amapangitsa kukhala kofunikira muzomangamanga zamakono, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zitsulo zazikuluzikulu monga mabwalo a ndege ndi mabwalo amasewera, nyumba zomangira zitsulo zokwera kwambiri kuphatikizapo mahotela ndi nyumba zamaofesi, zinyumba zazikulu monga TV ndi nsanja zoyankhulirana, zipolopolo zazitsulo ngati mafuta akuluakulu. akasinja osungira ndi akasinja gasi, mafakitale fakitale zitsulo nyumba, opepuka zitsulo nyumba monga zosungira ang'onoang'ono, nyumba zitsulo mlatho, ndi nyumba zitsulo zosuntha zigawo ngati zikepe ndi cranes.
6. Simenti
Simenti, monga zomangira zamakono, zimapeza ntchito zambiri m'mafakitale, zaulimi, zamadzi, zoyendera, chitukuko cha m'matauni, madoko, ndi zomangamanga. Masiku ano, chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pomanga ntchito iliyonse yomanga. Simenti ndi chinthu chaufa chomwe, chikasakanizidwa ndi madzi, chimapanga phala lamadzimadzi komanso losungunuka. M'kupita kwa nthawi, phala la simentili limakhala ndi kusintha kwa thupi ndi mankhwala, kusandulika kuchoka ku phala losasunthika kukhala lolimba lolimba ndi mlingo wina wa mphamvu. Ikhozanso kugwirizanitsa pamodzi misa yolimba kapena zipangizo za granular kuti apange mgwirizano umodzi. Simenti imangoumitsa ndikupeza mphamvu ikakhala ndi mpweya komanso imatha kuumitsa m'madzi, kusunga komanso kuwongolera mphamvu zake. Simenti imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito yomanga, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana mu engineering ya boma, mafuta ndi gasi, kumanga madamu, zomangamanga, kupanga misewu, ndi zina zambiri.
7. Konkire
Konkire, monga chomangira chamakono, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pantchito zomanga zamakono. Konkire ndi chinthu chomangira chomwe chimapangidwa ndi kusakaniza zomangira monga dongo, laimu, gypsum, phulusa lamapiri, kapena phula lachilengedwe lokhala ndi zophatikiza monga mchenga, slag, ndi miyala yophwanyidwa. Ili ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri, kuphatikiza kulumikizana kolimba, kulimba, komanso kukana madzi. Komabe, konkire imatengedwa kuti ndi chinthu chophwanyika chokhala ndi mphamvu zopondereza kwambiri koma mphamvu yotsika kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusweka.
Poyambitsa simenti ndi zitsulo, zinadziwika kuti kuphatikiza zipangizozi kumapereka mphamvu zomangirira bwino ndikuwalola kuti azigwirizana zofooka za wina ndi mzake pamene akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo. Pophatikizira zitsulo zolimba mu konkriti, sizimangoteteza chitsulo kuti zisalowe mumlengalenga, kupewa dzimbiri komanso kumapangitsa kuti gawo lachipangidwe likhale lolimba. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale konkriti yolimba, kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito za konkriti pomanga.
Poyerekeza ndi miyambo yakale ya njerwa ndi miyala, matabwa, ndi zitsulo, zomangira za konkire zakhala zikukula mofulumira ndipo zakhala zofunikira kwambiri pa zomangamanga. Kuphatikiza apo, konkriti yogwira ntchito kwambiri komanso mitundu yopangira konkriti ikupitilizabe kupita patsogolo ndikusinthika pantchito yomanga.
8. Galasi
Kuphatikiza apo, magalasi ndi pulasitiki, monga zida zamakono zomangira, zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza pantchito zomanga zamakono. Galasi imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakuwunikira kwa masana, kukongoletsa, ndi kapangidwe ka ma facade, mogwirizana ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zamamangidwe amakono. Glass imagwira ntchito pafupifupi m'mbali zonse za zomangamanga chifukwa cha mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana, monga magalasi otenthedwa, magalasi osapsa mtima, magalasi osatsekeredwa, magalasi opangidwa ndi laminated, magalasi opindika, magalasi okutidwa, magalasi opakidwa utoto, magalasi osagwira moto, magalasi osayatsa moto, ndi zina zambiri. .
Shanghai-Poly-Grand-Theatre
9. Pulasitiki
Pulasitiki ndi gulu lomwe likubwera lazomangamanga zomwe, chifukwa cha ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri, ntchito zosiyanasiyana, komanso chiyembekezo chodalirika, zimatengedwa kuti ndi gulu lachinayi lalikulu la zipangizo zomangira pambuyo pa zitsulo, simenti, ndi matabwa pomanga zamakono. Pulasitiki imakhala ndi ntchito zambiri, kuyambira padenga mpaka pansi, komanso kuchokera panyumba zapagulu mpaka zokongoletsa zamkati. Pakalipano, ntchito zofala kwambiri za pulasitiki pomanga ndi zamadzi ndi ngalande mapaipi, mapaipi otumizira mpweya, ndi zitseko ndi mawindo a PVC, kutsatiridwa ndi mawaya amagetsi ndi zingwe.
Ubwino umodzi wofunikira wa mapulasitiki ndi kuthekera kwawo kopulumutsa mphamvu, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapulasitiki zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa poyerekeza ndi zida zina zomangira. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mapulasitiki tsopano akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m’ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomanga denga, makoma, ndi pansi. Munda wa mapulasitiki omanga akukula mosalekeza kupita ku magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, magwiridwe antchito, kusinthasintha, komanso kutsika mtengo.
10. Silicone sealant
Silicone sealant ndi chinthu chofanana ndi phala chomwe chimapangidwa posakaniza polydimethylsiloxane monga chopangira chachikulu chokhala ndi ma crosslinking agents, fillers, plasticizers, coupling agents, and catalysts pansi pa vacuum. Pa kutentha kwa firiji, imachiritsa ndikupanga mphira yotanuka silikoni kudzera mukuchita ndi chinyezi mumlengalenga. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza ndi kusindikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magalasi ndi magawo ena. Pakadali pano, Eolya amapereka zosindikizira zambiri, kuphatikiza zosindikizira magalasi, zosindikizira zolimbana ndi nyengo, zotchingira moto, zotsekera miyala, zosindikizira zachitsulo, zotchingira nkhungu, zosindikizira zolumikizirana zokongoletsa, komanso zosindikizira zamagalasi, pakati pa ena, zopezeka m'mitundu ingapo. mfundo.
11 thovu la polyurethane (PU Foam)
Monga mtundu watsopano wazinthu zomangira, thovu la polyurethane lalandira chidwi kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku ma monomers monga isocyanates ndi polyols kudzera mu polymerization reaction, ndi mpweya wopangidwa ndi mpweya woipa womwe umagwira ntchito ngati thovu. Izi zimapanga thovu lopangidwa molimba kwambiri. Chithovu cha polyurethane makamaka chimagawidwa mu thovu lolimba la polyurethane, thovu losinthika la polyurethane, ndi thovu lolimba la polyurethane. Mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe otsekeka a thovu lolimba la polyurethane, thovu la polyurethane losinthika lili ndi mawonekedwe otseguka, omwe amadziwika ndi kupepuka kwake, kupuma, komanso kulimba mtima. Semi-rigid polyurethane thovu ndi mtundu wa thovu lotseguka lokhala ndi kuuma pakati pa thovu lofewa komanso lolimba, ndipo limakhala ndi zolemetsa zambiri. Chithovu cholimba cha polyurethane, chinthu chopangidwa mwaluso chokhala ndi kutchinjiriza ndi ntchito zotsekereza madzi, chimakhala ndi kutsika kwamafuta komanso kachulukidwe kakang'ono, motero nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kutchinjiriza ndi zotchinga zamafuta pomanga.
Poyerekeza ndi zida zomangira zachikhalidwe, thovu la polyurethane lili ndi zabwino zambiri pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri, kukana moto wamphamvu, kukana madzi ambiri, komanso makina okhazikika. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalopo poponyera kapena kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kuti ikhale yosalekeza, ndipo yapeza ntchito zambiri pomanga kunja, madenga, pansi, zitseko, mazenera, ndi mapaipi otenthetsera.
Poyerekeza ndi zida zomangira zakale komanso zamakono, chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso kusintha kwa zomanga, zida zamakono zomangira zimapereka zabwino zambiri kuposa zachikhalidwe. Chotsatira chake, atenga malo apamwamba pa zomangamanga zamakono, pamene zipangizo zomangira zakale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powonjezera. Zipangizo zamakono zomangira monga zitsulo, simenti, konkire, magalasi, ndi ma composites zaphwanya zopinga za mawonekedwe ndi kukula zomwe zimayikidwa ndi zipangizo zachikhalidwe monga miyala, matabwa, njerwa zadongo, ndi laimu gypsum. Iwo athandizira chitukuko cha nyumba zapamwamba, zozama kwambiri ndikukwaniritsa zofuna za zomangamanga m'mizinda, zogwirizana ndi zochitika za chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi kusungirako mphamvu m'magulu amakono.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-31-2023
