Zipangizo zomangira ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa zomangamanga, zomwe zimatsimikizira makhalidwe a nyumba, kalembedwe kake, ndi zotsatira zake. Zipangizo zomangira zachikhalidwe zimaphatikizapo miyala, matabwa, njerwa zadothi, laimu, ndi gypsum, pomwe zipangizo zamakono zomangira zimaphatikizapo chitsulo, simenti, konkire, galasi, ndi pulasitiki. Chilichonse mwa izo chili ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera ndipo chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa zomangamanga.
Zipangizo zomangira zachikhalidwe
1. Mwala
Mwala ndi chimodzi mwa zipangizo zakale kwambiri zomangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbiri ya anthu. Uli ndi zinthu zambiri zosungiramo zinthu, kufalikira kwakukulu, kapangidwe kake kabwino, mphamvu yolimba, kukana madzi, kulimba, komanso kukana kuvala bwino. Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya kale kunkagwiritsa ntchito miyala kwambiri pa zomangamanga, ndi zitsanzo zodziwika bwino kuphatikizapo Nyumba Yachifumu yokongola ya Versailles ku France ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Britain. Kuphatikiza apo, mapiramidi a ku Egypt adamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito miyala ikuluikulu yodulidwa bwino. Kapangidwe ka miyala kali ndi aura ya ukulu, ulemu, ndi ulemu. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kwakukulu ndi kulemera kwake, nyumba za miyala nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi makoma okhuthala, zomwe zimachepetsa chiŵerengero cha malo a pansi pa nyumbayo. Komabe, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chizindikiro chapamwamba pa zomangamanga zapamwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zojambula zapadera.
2. Matabwa
Matabwa, monga zipangizo zomangira zachikhalidwe, ali ndi makhalidwe monga kupepuka, mphamvu zambiri, kukongola, kugwira ntchito bwino, kusinthika, kubwezeretsanso, komanso kukhala osamala zachilengedwe popanda kuipitsa. Chifukwa chake, nyumba zamatabwa zimakhala zokhazikika bwino komanso zolimbana ndi zivomerezi. Komabe, matabwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga amabweranso ndi zovuta. Amasinthasintha mosavuta, kusweka, kukula kwa nkhungu, komanso kufalikira kwa tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kupsa ndi moto, zomwe zingakhudze ubwino wake komanso kulimba kwake.
Matabwa akhala akumangidwa nthawi zonse chifukwa cha luso lawo lapamwamba la makina ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ntchito zomanga kuyambira nthawi zakale. Nyumba zina monga mbali zina za Kachisi wa Nanchan ndi Kachisi wa Foguang pa Phiri la Wutai ku China zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoyimira zomangamanga. Nyumbazi zili ndi malo otsetsereka osalala, osasunthika, makoma akuluakulu, mabulaketi owonekera, komanso kalembedwe kodekha komanso kosavuta.
Mu ntchito zamakono zauinjiniya, zinthu monga matabwa, zipilala, zothandizira, zitseko, mawindo, komanso nkhungu za konkire zimadalira matabwa. Monga zipangizo zomangira zomwe zimapumira mpweya, matabwa amapereka kutentha m'nyengo yozizira komanso kuzizira m'chilimwe, motero amapanga malo abwino kwambiri okhala anthu.
Nanchan Temple, China
3. Njerwa za dongo
Njerwa za dongo ndi mtundu wa zipangizo zomangira zopangidwa ndi anthu. Kwa nthawi yayitali, njerwa zadongo wamba zakhala zipangizo zazikulu zomangira nyumba ku China. Njerwa zadongo zimadziwika ndi kukula kwake kochepa, kulemera kopepuka, kusavuta kumanga, mawonekedwe olongosoka komanso okhazikika, mphamvu zonyamula katundu, kutchinjiriza ndi kukonza, komanso kukongoletsa nkhope zawo. Kugwiritsa ntchito pomanga kwakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri popanga malo okhala anthu. Mzinda Woletsedwa ndi chifaniziro cha zomangamanga chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito njerwa zadongo. Njerwa zadongo zooneka ngati zokhazikika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhope yakunja zimathandiza kuti mzinda Woletsedwa ukhale ndi luso lodabwitsa. Komabe, zinthu zopangira njerwa zadongo ndi dongo lachilengedwe, ndipo kupanga kwawo kumaphatikizapo kutaya nthaka yolima. Pang'onopang'ono, zasinthidwa ndi zipangizo zina. Komabe, malo awo m'mbiri ya zomangamanga za anthu sadzachotsedwa.
4. Laimu
Laimu, monga zipangizo zomangira zachikhalidwe, amadziwika ndi kulimba kwake kolimba, kuuma pang'onopang'ono, mphamvu zochepa pambuyo pouma, komanso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa voliyumu panthawi youma. Zaka zikwizikwi za mbiri yake zimatsimikizira kudalira kwa anthu ndi kudalira izi. Laimu ikadali chinthu chofunikira chomangira, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapulojekiti osiyanasiyana omanga ndi mafakitale, monga kupulasitala mkati, kusakaniza matope a laimu ndi grout, komanso kukonza njerwa zadothi ndi matope.
Mofananamo, gypsum, chinthu china chakale chomangira nyumba, chili ndi zipangizo zambiri zopangira, njira yosavuta yopangira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa popanga, kuyamwa chinyezi kwambiri, kutsika mtengo, komanso kusamalira chilengedwe. Ndi yoyenera kwambiri pazipinda zamakono zamkati, zokongoletsera, ndi ntchito zomaliza. Kuphatikiza apo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga pulasitala wa gypsum ndi zinthu za gypsum.
Zipangizo zamakono zomangira
5. Chitsulo
Chitsulo chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa zomangamanga zamakono monga zomangamanga. Chitsulo chili ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri monga kupepuka koma mphamvu zambiri, kulimba bwino komanso kusinthasintha, chitetezo ndi kudalirika, kukula kwa mafakitale, liwiro lomanga mwachangu, kusweka kosavuta, kutseka bwino, komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri. Makhalidwe apamwamba awa amachipangitsa kukhala chofunikira kwambiri pa zomangamanga zamakono, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'nyumba zazikulu zachitsulo monga ma eyapoti ndi mabwalo amasewera, nyumba zazitali zachitsulo kuphatikiza mahotela ndi nyumba zamaofesi, nyumba zazitali monga nsanja za wailesi yakanema ndi zolumikizirana, nyumba zachitsulo zotchingira mbale monga matanki akuluakulu osungira mafuta ndi matanki a gasi, nyumba zachitsulo zamafakitale zamafakitale, nyumba zopepuka zachitsulo monga nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zazing'ono, nyumba zachitsulo zamlatho, ndi nyumba zachitsulo zoyendera zinthu monga ma elevator ndi ma crane.
6. Simenti
Simenti, monga zipangizo zamakono zomangira, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, ulimi, madzi, mayendedwe, chitukuko cha mizinda, zomangamanga za doko, ndi chitetezo. M'nthawi yamakono, yakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito iliyonse yomanga. Simenti ndi ufa wosapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe womwe, ukasakanikirana ndi madzi, umapanga phala lamadzimadzi komanso losavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Pakapita nthawi, phala la simenti ili limasinthidwa mwakuthupi ndi m'mankhwala, kusintha kuchoka pa phala losavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kukhala lolimba lomwe lili ndi mphamvu inayake. Lingathenso kugwirizanitsa zinthu zolimba kapena zinthu zopyapyala kuti lipange kapangidwe kogwirizana. Simenti sikuti imangolimba ndikupeza mphamvu ikakumana ndi mlengalenga komanso imatha kulimba m'madzi, kusunga komanso kuwonjezera mphamvu zake. Simenti imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapulojekiti omanga, ndi ntchito zambiri mu uinjiniya wa zomangamanga, zomangamanga zamafuta ndi gasi, kumanga madamu, kumanga zomangamanga, kumanga misewu, ndi zina zambiri.
7. Konkire
Konkriti, monga zipangizo zamakono zomangira, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zomanga zamakono. Konkriti ndi zipangizo zomangira zomwe zimapangidwa posakaniza zinthu zomangira monga dongo, laimu, gypsum, phulusa la phiri, kapena phula lachilengedwe ndi zinthu monga mchenga, slag, ndi miyala yophwanyika. Ili ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mgwirizano wamphamvu, kulimba, komanso kukana madzi. Komabe, konkriti imaonedwa kuti ndi chinthu chophwanyika chomwe chili ndi mphamvu zambiri zomangika koma mphamvu zochepa zomangika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta kusweka.
Pogwiritsa ntchito simenti ndi chitsulo, zinapezeka kuti kuphatikiza zinthuzi kunapereka mphamvu yabwino yolumikizirana ndipo kunathandiza kuti zigwirizane ndi zofooka za wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo. Mwa kuyika chitsulo cholimbitsa mu konkire, sikuti chimangoteteza chitsulocho kuti chisagwere mumlengalenga, kuteteza dzimbiri komanso kumawonjezera mphamvu yokoka ya kapangidwe kake. Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale konkire yolimbitsa, zomwe zinakulitsa ntchito zambiri zomanga konkire.
Poyerekeza ndi nyumba zachikhalidwe za njerwa ndi miyala, nyumba zamatabwa, ndi nyumba zachitsulo, nyumba za konkriti zakula mofulumira ndipo zakhala zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa zomangamanga. Kuphatikiza apo, konkriti yogwira ntchito bwino komanso mitundu yatsopano ya konkriti ikupitilira kupita patsogolo ndikukula pantchito yomanga.
8. Galasi
Kuphatikiza apo, magalasi ndi pulasitiki, monga zipangizo zamakono zomangira zatsopano, zikugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse m'mapulojekiti amakono omanga. Galasi imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakuwunikira masana, kukongoletsa, ndi kapangidwe ka nkhope, mogwirizana ndi zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera kwa zomangamanga zamakono. Galasi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi mbali zonse za zomangamanga chifukwa cha mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana, monga magalasi otenthedwa, magalasi otenthedwa pang'ono, magalasi oteteza kutentha, magalasi opaka utoto, magalasi ophimbidwa, magalasi okhala ndi mapatani, magalasi osapsa ndi moto, magalasi opumira, ndi zina zambiri.
Shanghai-Poly-Grand-Theatre
9. Pulasitiki
Pulasitiki ndi gulu latsopano la zipangizo zomangira lomwe, chifukwa cha ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito, komanso chiyembekezo chabwino, limaonedwa ngati gulu lachinayi lalikulu la zipangizo zomangira pambuyo pa chitsulo, simenti, ndi matabwa mu zomangamanga zamakono. Pulasitiki ili ndi ntchito zambiri, kuyambira padenga mpaka pansi, komanso kuchokera ku malo ogwirira ntchito anthu onse akunja mpaka zipangizo zokongoletsa mkati. Pakadali pano, ntchito zodziwika kwambiri za pulasitiki pomanga ndi mapaipi amadzi ndi otayira madzi, mapaipi otumizira gasi, ndi zitseko ndi mawindo a PVC, kutsatiridwa ndi mawaya amagetsi ndi zingwe.
Chimodzi mwa ubwino waukulu wa pulasitiki ndi kuthekera kwawo kosunga mphamvu, chifukwa kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapulasitiki kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zina zomangira. Chifukwa chake, pulasitiki tsopano imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapulojekiti osiyanasiyana omanga denga, makoma, ndi pansi. Gawo la pulasitiki yomanga nyumba likusintha nthawi zonse kukhala magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, magwiridwe antchito abwino, kusinthasintha, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama moyenera.
10. Chosindikizira cha silikoni
Silicone sealant ndi chinthu chonga phala chomwe chimapangidwa posakaniza polydimethylsiloxane ngati chinthu chachikulu chopangira zinthu ndi zinthu zolumikizirana, zodzaza, mapulasitiki, zinthu zolumikizira, ndi zoyambitsa zinthu pansi pa vacuum. Pa kutentha kwa chipinda, imachiritsa ndikupanga rabara ya silicone yolimba kudzera mu reaction yokhala ndi chinyezi mumlengalenga. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomangirira ndi kutseka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magalasi ndi zinthu zina. Pakadali pano, Eolya imapereka zinthu zomatira zambiri, kuphatikizapo galasi sealant, sealant yosagwira nyengo, sealant yosagwira moto, sealant yamwala, sealant yolumikizira zitsulo, sealant yosagwira nkhungu, sealant yokongoletsera, ndi sealant yoteteza magalasi, pakati pa zina, zomwe zimapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mafotokozedwe.
11. Thovu la polyurethane (PU Thovu)
Monga mtundu watsopano wa zipangizo zomangira, thovu la polyurethane latchuka kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Limapangidwa kuchokera ku ma monomers monga isocyanates ndi polyols kudzera mu polymerization reaction, ndi mpweya wa carbon dioxide wopangidwa womwe umagwira ntchito ngati thovu. Izi zimapangitsa thovu la microcellular lopangidwa bwino. Thovu la polyurethane limagawidwa makamaka m'magulu awiri: thovu lolimba la polyurethane, thovu losinthasintha la polyurethane, ndi thovu la polyurethane lolimba. Mosiyana ndi kapangidwe ka selo lotsekedwa ka thovu lolimba la polyurethane, thovu la polyurethane losinthasintha lili ndi kapangidwe ka selo lotseguka, lodziwika ndi kupepuka kwake, kupuma bwino, komanso kulimba bwino. Thovu la polyurethane lolimba pang'ono ndi mtundu wa thovu lotseguka lomwe lili ndi kuuma pakati pa thovu lofewa ndi lolimba, ndipo lili ndi mphamvu zambiri zopondereza. Thovu lolimba la polyurethane, chinthu chatsopano chopangidwa chokhala ndi ntchito zotetezera ndi zoteteza madzi, lili ndi mphamvu zochepa zoyendetsera kutentha komanso kachulukidwe kakang'ono, motero nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zotetezera kutentha komanso zotchinga kutentha pomanga.
Poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zomangira zachikhalidwe, thovu la polyurethane lili ndi ubwino waukulu m'mbali zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kutenthetsa bwino kwambiri, kukana moto kwambiri, kukana madzi ambiri, komanso mphamvu zokhazikika zamakina. Lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamalopo kudzera mu kupopera kapena kupopera kuti lipange chotenthetsera chosalekeza, ndipo lagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga nyumba zakunja, madenga, pansi, zitseko, mawindo, ndi maukonde a mapaipi otenthetsera.
Poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zomangira zachikhalidwe ndi zamakono, chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo ndi kufunikira kwa zomangamanga zomwe zikukula, zipangizo zomangira zamakono zimapereka zabwino zambiri kuposa zachikhalidwe. Chifukwa cha izi, zakhala zikulamulira kwambiri pa zomangamanga zamakono, pomwe zipangizo zomangira zachikhalidwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera. Zipangizo zomangira zamakono monga chitsulo, simenti, konkire, galasi, ndi zinthu zina zaphwanya zoletsa za mawonekedwe ndi kukula zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zipangizo zachikhalidwe monga miyala, matabwa, njerwa zadothi, ndi gypsum ya laimu. Zathandiza pakukula kwa nyumba zazitali komanso zozama komanso kukwaniritsa zofunikira za zomangamanga za m'mizinda, mogwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika pa kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kusunga mphamvu m'dera lamakono.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-31-2023
